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  1. Malaria is often persistent in communities surrounded by mosquito breeding habitats. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato exploit a variety of aquatic habitats, but the biotic determinants of its preferences are poorly u...

    Authors: Hudson Onen, Robinson Odong, Moses Chemurot, Frédéric Tripet and Jonathan K. Kayondo

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:420

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  2. The mosquito Aedes albopictus is an important vector for many pathogens. Understanding the virome in Ae. albopictus is critical for assessing the risk of disease transmission, implementation of vector control mea...

    Authors: Wenqiao He, Yanxia Chen, Xiru Zhang, Mingji Peng, Da Xu, Huan He, Yuhan Gao, Junlin Chen, Jiarui Zhang, Zhiyu Li and Qing Chen

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:415

    Content type: Research

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  3. Members of the genus Sarcocystis are protozoan parasites characterized by a prey–predator two-host life-cycle. Sarcocysts are formed in the muscles or central nervous system of the intermediate host (IH), while s...

    Authors: Petras Prakas, Antonio Bea, Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu, Iñaki Olano, Diego Villanúa, Saulius Švažas and Dalius Butkauskas

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:414

    Content type: Research

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  4. Dengue is a significant public health issue that is caused by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The current vector control methods are unable to effectively reduce Aedes populations and thus fail to decrease dengue transmis...

    Authors: Ahmad Mohiddin Mohd Ngesom, Anis Ahmad Razi, Nur Syahirah Azizan, Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Asmalia Md Lasim, Yanfeng Liang, David Greenhalgh, Jasmine Chia Siew Min, Mazrura Sahani, Rozita Hod and Hidayatulfathi Othman

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:413

    Content type: Research

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  5. The diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging. Serological tests are acknowledged to have high sensitivity, but issues due to cross-reactions with other parasites, native parasite antigen supply and intrins...

    Authors: Francesca Tamarozzi, Silvia Stefania Longoni, Cristina Mazzi, Sofia Pettene, Antonio Montresor, Siddhartha Mahanty, Zeno Bisoffi and Dora Buonfrate

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:412

    Content type: Research

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  6. Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus is an important vector of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) affecting feral pigs, native mammals and humans. The mosquito species is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia, A...

    Authors: Bryan D. Lessard, Nina Kurucz, Juanita Rodriguez, Jane Carter and Christopher M. Hardy

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:411

    Content type: Research

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  7. Riverine species of tsetse (Glossina) transmit Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which causes Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT), a neglected tropical disease. Uganda aims to eliminate gHAT as a public heal...

    Authors: Paul R. Bessell, Johan Esterhuizen, Michael J. Lehane, Joshua Longbottom, Albert Mugenyi, Richard Selby, Inaki Tirados, Steve J. Torr, Charles Waiswa, Charles Wamboga and Andrew Hope

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:410

    Content type: Research

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  8. Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock). Several studies have indicated that age, sex, site of capture, starvation and microbiome symbion...

    Authors: Cornelius Mweempwa, Kalinga Chilongo, Kyoko Hayashida and Boniface Namangala

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:409

    Content type: Research

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  9. Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is a serious disease threatening human and animal health. People can be infected with T. gondii by ingesting raw pork contaminated with cysts or oocysts. Serological test...

    Authors: Yongle Song, Yongjuan Zhao, Ke Pan, Bang Shen, Rui Fang, Min Hu, Junlong Zhao and Yanqin Zhou

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:408

    Content type: Research

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  10. Plasmodium vivax transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) are receiving increasing attention. Based on excellent transmission-blocking activities of the PbPH (PBANKA_0417200) and PbSOP26 (PBANKA_1457700) antigens in...

    Authors: Yongzhe Zhang, Fei Liu, Yan Zhao, Fan Yang, Jie Bai, Xitong Jia, Wanlapa Roobsoong, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao, Enjie Luo and Meilian Wang

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:407

    Content type: Research

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  11. Aedes albopictus is the primary vector of dengue fever in China. This mosquito species has a wide distribution range in China and can be found in the tropical climate zones of southern provinces through to temper...

    Authors: Hanming Chen, Qiuming Zhou, Haowei Dong, Hao Yuan, Jie Bai, Jingpeng Gao, Feng Tao, Hui Ma, Xiangyu Li, Heng Peng and Yajun Ma

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:406

    Content type: Research

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  13. Ticks are common on horses, but recent publications characterizing equine tick infestations in North America are lacking.

    Authors: Kellee D. Sundstrom, Megan W. Lineberry, Amber N. Grant, Kathryn T. Duncan, Michelle M. Ientile and Susan E. Little

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:404

    Content type: Research

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  14. The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are a cause for worldwide concern. The introduction of Zika and Chikungunya diseases in the Americas has exposed unforeseen medical and logistical challeng...

    Authors: Bárbara Batista Salgado, Fábio Carmona de Jesus Maués, Renato Lemos Pereira, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Maria Nazaré de Oliveira Freitas, Milene Silveira Ferreira, Lívia Caricio Martins, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Christian Ganoza and Pritesh Lalwani

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:403

    Content type: Research

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  15. Babesia species are intraerythrocytic Apicomplexan parasites that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. These pathogens are typically transmitted either by tick vectors or by direct blood-to-blood contact, and...

    Authors: Erin Stayton, Megan Lineberry, Jennifer Thomas, Tina Bass, Kelly Allen, Ramaswamy Chandrashekar, Gene Yost, Mason Reichard and Craig Miller

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:402

    Content type: Research

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  16. The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is a common cause of furuncular myiasis in dogs in Latin America. Lesions can be single or multiple, each harboring an individual larva, presented as an erythematous nodule t...

    Authors: Paula A. Andriotti, Clarissa P. Souza, Priscila C. Oliveira, Rodrigo C. Melo, Guilherme G. Verocai and Julio I. Fernandes

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:401

    Content type: Short report

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  17. Metacaspases are multifunctional proteins found in plants, fungi and protozoa, and are involved in processes such as insoluble protein aggregate clearance and cell proliferation. Our previous study demonstrate...

    Authors: Muzi Li, Jing Liu, Yayun Wu, Yihan Wu, Xiaodong Sun, Yong Fu, Xiao Zhang and Qun Liu

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:400

    Content type: Research

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  18. Blastocystis is a human gut symbiont of yet undefined clinical significance. In a set of faecal samples collected from asymptomatic children of six distant populations, we first assessed the community profiles of...

    Authors: Ondrej Cinek, Katerina Polackova, Rasha Odeh, Abeer Alassaf, Lenka Kramná, MaryAnn Ugochi Ibekwe, Edna Siima Majaliwa, Gunduz Ahmadov, Bashir Mukhtar Elwasila Elmahi, Hanan Mekki, Sami Oikarinen, Jan Lebl and Mohammed Ahmed Abdullah

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:399

    Content type: Research

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  19. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, for which dogs constitute the main urban parasite reservoir. Control measures and the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (C...

    Authors: Matheus Silva de Jesus, João Victor Andrade Cruz, Lívia Brito Coelho, Lairton Souza Borja, Edmilson Domingos da Silva, Manuela da Silva Solcà, Claudia Ida Brodskyn and Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:398

    Content type: Research

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  20. The tropical disease onchocerciasis (river blindness), caused by Onchocerca volvulus filarial nematodes, is targeted for elimination by mass treatment with nematocidal and antimicrobial drugs. Diagnosis of O. vol...

    Authors: Vera Wewer, Helga Peisker, Katharina Gutbrod, Mazen Al-Bahra, Dirk Menche, Ngongeh Glory Amambo, Fanny F. Fombad, Abdel Jelil Njouendou, Kenneth Pfarr, Samuel Wanji, Achim Hoerauf and Peter Dörmann

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:397

    Content type: Research

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  21. The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector in mainland Africa of African swine fever virus and the spirochete Borrelia duttoni, which causes human relapsing fever. The elimination of populations of

    Authors: Ana Oleaga, Angel Carnero-Morán, M. Luz Valero and Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:396

    Content type: Research

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  22. Babesia bovis is one of the most significant tick-transmitted pathogens of cattle worldwide. Babesia bovis parasites have a complex lifecycle, including development within the mammalian host and tick vector. Each...

    Authors: Hala E. Hussein, Wendell C. Johnson, Naomi S. Taus, Janaina Capelli-Peixoto, Carlos E. Suarez, Michelle R. Mousel and Massaro W. Ueti

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:395

    Content type: Research

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  23. Invasive arthropod vectors and the range expansions of native vectors can lead to public and veterinary health concerns, as these vectors may introduce novel pathogens or spread endemic pathogens to new locati...

    Authors: Danielle M. Tufts and Maria A. Diuk-Wasser

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:394

    Content type: Research

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  24. Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is a life-threatening infection of dogs with a global distribution. Information on the prevalence of D. immitis and associated risk factors for canine heartworm antigen posi...

    Authors: Jessica L. Panetta, Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani, Bronwyn Orr, Aldo Gianfranco Nicoletti, Michael P. Ward and Jan Šlapeta

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:393

    Content type: Research

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  25. Tabanids are a neglected group of haematophagous dipterans despite containing 4434 species, regrouped in > 144 genera. They are mechanical vectors of important pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protoz...

    Authors: Silas L. Sevidzem, Aubin A. Koumba, Genevieve L. Yao-Acapovi and Jacques F. Mavoungou

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:392

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  26. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants is routinely based on morphological/morphometric analysis of parasite specimens recovered by coprological methods, followed by larval cu...

    Authors: Nikol Reslova, Lucie Skorpikova, Iveta Angela Kyrianova, Jaroslav Vadlejch, Johan Höglund, Philip Skuce and Martin Kasny

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:391

    Content type: Research

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  27. During the last decades, filarial infections caused by Dirofilaria spp. have spread rapidly within dog populations of several European countries. Increasing scientific interest in filariasis, and the availability...

    Authors: Mirabela Oana Dumitrache, Gianluca D’Amico, Eugeniu Voiniţchi, Serghei Maximenco, Viorica Mircean and Angela Monica Ionică

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:390

    Content type: Research

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  28. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with a worldwide distribution. Congenital infection in humans and animals may lead to severe symptoms in the offspring, especially in the brain. A suitable ...

    Authors: Thomas Grochow, Britta Beck, Zaida Rentería-Solís, Gereon Schares, Pavlo Maksimov, Christina Strube, Johannes Seeger, Lisa Raqué, Reiner Ulrich, Arwid Daugschies and Simone A. Fietz

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:389

    Content type: Research

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  29. Schistosomiasis a neglected tropical disease  endemic in Brazil. It is caused by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which is transmitted by snails of the genus Biomphalaria. Among measures used to control and eli...

    Authors: Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita, Floria Gabriela dos Santos Neves, Ronaldo Guilherme Carvalho Scholte, Omar dos Santos Carvalho, Cristina Toscano Fonseca and Roberta Lima Caldeira

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:388

    Content type: Research

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  30. Mosquito-borne diseases affect over half of the human population globally. Multiple studies have shown that chemical insecticides are ineffective because of resistance. Therefore, environmentally safe mosquito...

    Authors: Xiaowen Fei, Yang Zhang, Lili Ding, Sha Xiao, Xiaoqing Xie, Yajun Li and Xiaodong Deng

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:387

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  32. The salivary glands of female ticks degenerate rapidly by apoptosis and autophagy after feeding. Bcl-2 family proteins play an important role in the apoptosis pathways, but the functions of these proteins in t...

    Authors: Shanming Hu, Yanan Wang, Zhengmao Xu, Yongzhi Zhou, Jie Cao, Houshuang Zhang and Jinlin Zhou

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:386

    Content type: Research

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  33. Relatively little is known about how pathogens transmitted by vector insects are affected by changing temperatures analogous to those occurring in the present global warming scenario. One expectation is that, ...

    Authors: Berenice González-Rete, Ana E. Gutiérrez-Cabrera, José Antonio de Fuentes-Vicente, Paz María Salazar-Schettino, Margarita Cabrera-Bravo and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:385

    Content type: Short report

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  34. The impacts and limitations of personal protection measures against exposure to vectors of malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens depend on behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes. Therefore...

    Authors: Gerry F. Killeen, April Monroe and Nicodem J. Govella

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:384

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  35. The transmission of vector-borne diseases is governed by complex factors including pathogen characteristics, vector–host interactions, and environmental conditions. Temperature is a major driver for many vecto...

    Authors: Fadoua El Moustaid, Zorian Thornton, Hani Slamani, Sadie J. Ryan and Leah R. Johnson

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:382

    Content type: Research

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  36. Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis are among the most important canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBPs) of zoonotic concern in Europe. In endemic areas for both of these CVBPs, the use of systemic ectopar...

    Authors: Rossella Panarese, Roberta Iatta, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Andrea Zatelli, Frederic Beugnet and Domenico Otranto

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:381

    Content type: Research

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  38. Aedes aegypti can transmit arboviruses worldwide, and Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti)-based larvicides represent an effective tool for controlling this species. The safety of Bti and lack of resist...

    Authors: Karine da Silva Carvalho, Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes, Mônica Maria Crespo, Maria Alice Varjal de Melo-Santos and Maria Helena Neves Lobo Silva-Filha

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:379

    Content type: Research

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  39. Ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) could accelerate malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion. This study was performed to characterize the bionomics of Anopheles in Surat Thani province, Thailan...

    Authors: Narenrit Wamaket, Oranicha Khamprapa, Sittinont Chainarin, Panisa Thamsawet, Ubolrat Ninsaeng, Suttipong Thongsalee, Veerast Suwan, Jira Sakolvaree, Ratree Takhampunya, Silas A. Davidson, Patrick W. McCardle, Patiwat Sa-angchai, Mavuto Mukaka, Kirakorn Kiattibutr, Amnat Khamsiriwatchara, Wang Nguitragool…

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:378

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  40. Aedes mosquitoes are important invasive species contributing to the spread of chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika virus, and other dangerous vector-borne diseases. Aedes albopictus is native to southeas...

    Authors: Jiyeong Shin and Jongwoo Jung

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:377

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  42. Active surveillance aimed at the early detection of invasive mosquito species is usually focused on seaports and airports as points of entry, and along road networks as dispersion paths. In a number of cases, ...

    Authors: Roger Eritja, Sarah Delacour-Estrella, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Mikel A. González, Carlos Barceló, Ana L. García-Pérez, Javier Lucientes, Miguel Á. Miranda and Frederic Bartumeus

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:375

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  43. Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a zoonotic parasitic nematode described for the first time in 1971 by Pedro Morera and Rodolfo Céspedes in Costa Rica. This parasite causes an infection known as abdominal angiost...

    Authors: Alicia Rojas, Arnaldo Maldonado-Junior, Javier Mora, Alessandra Morassutti, Rubens Rodriguez, Alberto Solano-Barquero, Anamariela Tijerino, Marianela Vargas and Carlos Graeff-Teixeira

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:374

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  44. Plasmodium sp., which causes malaria, must first develop in mosquitoes before being transmitted. Upon ingesting infected blood, gametes form in the mosquito lumen, followed by fertilization and differentiation of...

    Authors: Kazuhiko Nakayama, Yuta Kimura, Yu Kitahara, Akira Soga, Asako Haraguchi, Jun Hakozaki, Makoto Sugiyama, Kodai Kusakisako, Shinya Fukumoto and Hiromi Ikadai

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:373

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  45. Freshwater fauna of the Middle East encompass elements shared with three continents—Africa, Asia, and Europe—and the Middle East is, therefore, considered a historical geographic crossroad between these three ...

    Authors: Michal Benovics, Farshad Nejat, Asghar Abdoli and Andrea Šimková

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:372

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  46. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodiae) in the Republic of Moldova have been understudied for decades. Our study provides a first update on their occurrence, species composition and bloodmeal sources aft...

    Authors: Tatiana Șuleșco, Ozge Erisoz Kasap, Petr Halada, Gizem Oğuz, Dimian Rusnac, Marketa Gresova, Bulent Alten, Petr Volf and Vit Dvorak

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:371

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  47. Epidemiological surveys in Oman have revealed a high prevalence of the co-occurrence of the pathogenic Theileria lestoquardi and the non-pathogenic Theileria ovis among sheep in the Barka region, Oman. Our most r...

    Authors: Salama Al-Hamidhi, Elshafie I. Elshafie, Saeed Yaghfoori, W. Ivan Morrison, Eugene H. Johnson and Hamza A. Babiker

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:370

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  48. Different genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) isolated from livestock and humans have been identified based on cox1 and nad1 genomic fragments. The present study was performed to differentia...

    Authors: Saeed Shahabi, Bahador Sarkari and Afshin Barazesh

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:369

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  49. Borrelia miyamotoi is a newly described relapsing fever spirochete transmitted by ixodid tick species. Little is known about the prevalence of B. miyamotoi infections in humans and ticks in Inner Mongolia, China....

    Authors: Gaowa, Wulantuya, Kozue Sato, Dan Liu, Yunhong Cui, Xuhong Yin, Lihua Zhang, Hong Li, Tingfu Wang, Rongxin Liu, Lijing Wu, Saixia Lu, Ting Gao, Zitong Zhang, Minzhi Cao, Guodong Wang…

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:368

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  50. The cryopreservation of filarial nematodes has been studied for nearly 70 years. Largely, these studies examined the effectiveness of cryopreservation methods by using the post-thaw survival of microfilariae (...

    Authors: Erich W. Zinser, Tom L. McTier, Nicole S. Kernell and Debra J. Woods

    Citation: Parasites & Vectors 2021 14:367

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

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